DIGITAL LOGIC BASICS?

Samantha

Adding a bubble as you call it, is just a shorthand way of saying that a NOT gate has been added to the output of the gate: and in so doing, it inverts the output of the gate. So, an AND gate on its own may give an output of 0 but, with the bubble, it becomes NOT 0, meaning 1. If the output from the AND gate is a 1 instead, then with the bubble added it becomes NOT 1 meaning 0. With the bubble added to an AND gate we have an output that is NOT AND or simple shourtened to NAND. A AND gate can be represented by an AND gate with an NOT gate at its output and so the two gates merged into one with a bubble representing the NOT part. The bubble simply means that a NOT gate has been added to the end of the gate. AB ….. AND ... NAND 00...….. 0 ... ….1 01...…. 0 …….. 1 10...…. 0 ……..1 11...…. 1 ……. 0 Your top gate is a AND gate Gates 1, 2 3 are all NAND Gates The outputs of 1,2 and 3 all give a '1' at the output. It looks like you are making this way too complicated!

Philomel

The bubble at the end is the same as adding an inverter to the circuit but without the gate delay. It simply changes the output state; H>L or L>H.

qrk

The "bubble" inverts, thus a zero becomes a one, or a one becomes a zero. An AND gate with a low & high at the inputs gives a low output. A NAND gate (AND gate with a bubble on the output) with a low & high at the inputs gives a high output. When the bubble is at the output of the symbol it merely inverts the output.